- Nabua, Camarines Sur
- SOURCE : Wikipedia
- Area: 96.2 km²
HISTORY
The Municipality of Nabua traces the historical origin of its name way back during the Spanish Colonization. It was said that in 1571, an AugustinianFriar named Fray Alonzo Gimenez reached one of the rancherias called Lupa which was then under Datu Panga from Borneo. The good friar found persons inside the said rancheria cutting coconuts. He was offered to partake the inside shoot of coconut which the natives called “BOA”. Immediately, the good friar tagged the place as “NABUA” pronounced with his Spanish Accent. From that time onwards this place become popularly known as NABUA.
In another version, a historian named Fray Felix Huerta claimed that the name came from the story that the original sitio of the town is in the shape of the “BOA”, young embryo of the coconut which was surrounded by five rancherias named Lupa, Antacodos, Sabang, Caobnan and Binoyoan. Other believe otherwise and said it was centrally located in the middle of said rancherias thus closely resembling a delicious “BOA” which children loved to eat. For a time, the town was called “NABOBOWA” but years of long usage shortened and corrupted it to the present name of NABUA.
In 1578, a group of Franciscan missionaries headed by Fray Pablo de Jesus and Fray Bartolome Ruiz put up a church in a place known as Antacodos and there they placed a big cross. These missionaries soon merged the villages of Lupa, Antacodos, Sabang and Binoyoan into one place, which a t present is known as the town of Nabua. The name Nabua was originally a longer one, Naboboa, from boa, the word for a young coconut embryo.
In a research mission to Spain funded by the municipality, it was learned that Nabua was officially established as a municipality on July 25, 1569.
source : wikipedia
Barangays
Barangays | Area (km²) | Population (2007) | Population (2010) | Barangay Captain | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Angustia (Inapatan) | ||||
2 | Antipolo Old | ||||
3 | Antipolo Young | ||||
4 | Aro-aldao | ||||
5 | Bustrac | ||||
6 | Dolorosa (Inapatan) | ||||
7 | Duran | ||||
8 | Inapatan (Del Rosario) | ||||
9 | La Purisima (Agupit) | ||||
10 | Lourdes Old | ||||
11 | Lourdes Young | ||||
12 | La Opinion | ||||
13 | Malawag (San Jose) | ||||
14 | Paloyon Oriental | ||||
15 | Paloyon Proper (Sagrada) | ||||
16 | Salvacion Que Gatos | ||||
17 | San Antonio (Poblacion) | ||||
18 | San Antonio Ogbon | ||||
19 | San Esteban (Poblacion) | ||||
20 | San Francisco (Poblacion) | ||||
21 | San Isidro (Inapatan) | ||||
22 | San Isidro (Poblacion) | ||||
23 | San Jose (Pangaraon) | ||||
24 | San Juan (Poblacion) | ||||
25 | San Luis (Poblacion) | ||||
26 | San Miguel (Poblacion) | ||||
27 | San Nicolas (Poblacion) | ||||
28 | San Roque (Madawon) | ||||
29 | San Roque (Poblacion) | ||||
30 | San Roque (Sagumay) | ||||
31 | San Vicente (Gorong-Gorong) | San Esteban | |||
32 | San Vicente (Ogbon) | ||||
33 | Santa Barbara (Maliban) | ||||
34 | Santa Cruz | ||||
35 | Santa Elena (Baras) | ||||
36 | Santa Lucia (Baras) | ||||
37 | Santiago Old | ||||
38 | Santiago Young | ||||
39 | Santo Domingo | ||||
40 | Tandaay | ||||
41 | Topas Proper | ||||
42 | Topas Sogod |
HISTORY
The Municipality of Nabua traces the historical origin of its name way back during the Spanish Colonization. It was said that in 1571, an Augustinian Friar named Fray Alonzo Gimenez reached one of the rancherias called Lupa which was then under Datu Panga from Borneo. The good friar found persons inside the said rancheria cutting coconuts. He was offered to partake the inside shoot of coconut which the natives called “BOA”. Immediately, the good friar tagged the place as “NABUA” pronounced with his Spanish Accent. From that time onwards this place become popularly known as NABUA.
In another version, a historian named Fray Felix Huerta claimed that the name came from the story that the original sitio of the town is in the shape of the “BOA”, young embryo of the coconut which was surrounded by five rancherias named Lupa, Antacodos, Sabang, Caobnan and Binoyoan. Other believe otherwise and said it was centrally located in the middle of said rancherias thus closely resembling a delicious “BOA” which children loved to eat. For a time, the town was called “NABOBOWA” but years of long usage shortened and corrupted it to the present name of NABUA.
In 1578, a group of Franciscan missionaries headed by Fray Pablo de Jesus and Fray Bartolome Ruiz put up a church in a place known as Antacodos and there they placed a big cross. These missionaries soon merged the villages of Lupa, Antacodos, Sabang and Binoyoan into one place, which at present is known as the town of Nabua. The name Nabua was originally a longer one, Naboboa, from boa, the word for a young coconut embryo.n
In a research mission to Spain funded by the municipality, it was learned that Nabua was officially established as a municipality on July 25, 1569.
anguage[edit]
The Nabua dialect can be considered having its base from the Bikol languages. However, there are other smaller social groups within the Bicol region where Nabua derives the foundation of its dialect. The Rinconada area composed of Baao, Buhi, Bula, Balatan, Bato and Nabua shares the same “Rinconada” dialect that the local folks are still enriching up to this day. The local folks coming from the Rinconada “B” towns and Nabua can be easily recognized by the way they enunciate words or phrases when they talk or use the dialect.
Additionally, Spanish influences are frequently encountered in the languages of Nabuenos. Some examples of Spanish words embedded in the local dialect are: “Abreya raw iton puertan.” This is a command statement, meaning “Open the door” in English or “Buksan ang pintuan” in the Filipino language. “Abreya” is an inflection of the Spanish verb “abrir” (to open) and “puertan” is from the Spanish word “puerta”.
Other variations of Spanish words being used in the Nabua local dialect can be found, but many of these words or terms due to usage over time do not follow proper Spanish language conjugations and grammar.
Customs and Practices[edit]
Nabua has a rich array of customs and colorful practices that are found up to the present day.
Pangarana
This is the Nabua version of “serenading”. When a man wants to show his intent to court a woman, the man (sometimes accompanied by his friends) armed with a guitar or possibly a karaoke machine shows up on the woman’s doorsteps unannounced late at night. The woman or her family have either the option to turn on the lights and acknowledge the serenaders or just ignore them. In some cases, the event turns into an unforgettable event as the woman’s family may come up with some unique ways to get the serenaders out of their property, such as throwing a bucketful of hot water or unleashing “bantay”, the household watch dog.
Pa-aurora
The local folks are religious in nature so it is common for them to make a religious promise or ‘panata’ expressing their exultation to God because of a bountiful harvest or they have a petition that they wish would be granted. This is manifested through the local practice of “Aurora”. On nine consecutive nights, they would decorate an improvised "carroza" for their local patron saint and then visit the households in the neighborhood with singing and prayers.
Pista sa mga Kalag
On November 1, nearly all citizens take a trip down to the cemetery. This is their practice of honoring and remembering departed loved ones. They would offer flowers and light candles in their tombstones, sarcophagus, or decorate the family mausoleum with flowers and food. The local cemetery comes alive the night of November 1 to commemorate All Saints Dayuntil the early morning of November 2 for All Souls Day. Masses at the cemetery are often offered on both days.
Tang-gal kin Cuaresma
During the season of Lent, some of the prominent families in Nabua will sponsor a “Tang-gal”. Tang-gal is the re-enactment of Jesus Christ’s Passion and Death on the cross. After the passion of Christ is re-enacted, the “tang-gal” is concluded with “Ire-Helena”, the story of Helene and Constantine in search of the True Cross.
Pag-li-li
When a family member or loved one passes away, the family, friends and relatives of the dead offer nine days of prayers. This is the nine days of mourning where they go to the local church to attend Mass and then continue their novena prayers at the house of the deceased. Prayers are offered to help the soul of the deceased rest in peace and at the same time to console the grieving family.
Katapusan
After forty days of mourning, the family, friends and relatives of the dead celebrate the passage by hosting a feast and invite all those who consoled them in their time of grief. Once everyone invited are gathered, they say the litanies and pray theRosary of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary. Local folks believes that the soul of their dearly departed have now passed the stage of “roaming” and ready to rest in eternal peace. This is the time to let go and as a symbolism, they can now wear other colors of clothing instead of the traditional all black or all white.
Dotoc
Before the baranggay fiesta, "DOTOC" is a custom of nabueƱans in honoring their patron saint through nine nights of thanksgiving.
Nabua, Camarines Sur
Municipality in Philippines
Nabua is a first class municipality in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 80,111 people. Nabua is the mother town of Iriga City, Buhi, Bato, Balatan, Bula and Baao in Camarines Sur
SOURCE : Wikipedia
Area: 96.2 km²
HISTORY
The Municipality of Nabua traces the historical origin of its name way back during the Spanish Colonization. It was said that in 1571, an AugustinianFriar named Fray Alonzo Gimenez reached one of the rancherias called Lupa which was then under Datu Panga from Borneo. The good friar found persons inside the said rancheria cutting coconuts. He was offered to partake the inside shoot of coconut which the natives called “BOA”. Immediately, the good friar tagged the place as “NABUA” pronounced with his Spanish Accent. From that time onwards this place become popularly known as NABUA.
In another version, a historian named Fray Felix Huerta claimed that the name came from the story that the original sitio of the town is in the shape of the “BOA”, young embryo of the coconut which was surrounded by five rancherias named Lupa, Antacodos, Sabang, Caobnan and Binoyoan. Other believe otherwise and said it was centrally located in the middle of said rancherias thus closely resembling a delicious “BOA” which children loved to eat. For a time, the town was called “NABOBOWA” but years of long usage shortened and corrupted it to the present name of NABUA.
In 1578, a group of Franciscan missionaries headed by Fray Pablo de Jesus and Fray Bartolome Ruiz put up a church in a place known as Antacodos and there they placed a big cross. These missionaries soon merged the villages of Lupa, Antacodos, Sabang and Binoyoan into one place, which a t present is known as the town of Nabua. The name Nabua was originally a longer one, Naboboa, from boa, the word for a young coconut embryo.
In a research mission to Spain funded by the municipality, it was learned that Nabua was officially established as a municipality on July 25, 1569.
source : wikipedia
Nabua is politically subdivided into 42 barangays.
Barangays
Barangays
Area
(km²)
Population
(2007)
Population
(2010)
Barangay Captain
1
Angustia (Inapatan)
1,699
1,945
Salvador Rabeje
2
Antipolo Old
1,822
1,996
Lilia B. Rebellon
3
Antipolo Young
737
809
Francisco Olivares
4
Aro-aldao
928
962
Rosita Quino
5
Bustrac
1,152
1,243
Clarito Atian
6
Dolorosa (Inapatan)
1,889
1,776
Antonio Lorzano
7
Duran
926
1,077
Joel A. Beltran
8
Inapatan (Del Rosario)
2,612
2,688
Santos T. Estrebello
9
La Purisima (Agupit)
8,165
8,401
Sergio Beltran
10
Lourdes Old
1,020
1,035
Myrna Pecundo
11
Lourdes Young
2,915
3,364
Romulo R. Arales
12
La Opinion
4,625
4,895
Manuel Obis
13
Malawag (San Jose)
2,955
2,996
Virgilio Nillo
14
Paloyon Oriental
643
815
Jaime Brila
15
Paloyon Proper (Sagrada)
2,735
2,932
Honorio ParaƱal
16
Salvacion Que Gatos
523
611
Fredirick Gamban
17
San Antonio (Poblacion)
2,363
2,794
Ruben Pasion
18
San Antonio Ogbon
2,484
2,826
Dolores Lanuzo
19
San Esteban (Poblacion)
1,818
2,041
Romeo J. Quidep
20
San Francisco (Poblacion)
645
506
Espiritu Priela Jr
21
San Isidro (Inapatan)
627
729
Joseph Fermante
22
San Isidro (Poblacion)
744
668
Loreto Simbulan
23
San Jose (Pangaraon)
1,509
1,590
Julian C. Ocampo
24
San Juan (Poblacion)
887
947
Rene Bachiller Sr
25
San Luis (Poblacion)
358
351
Sulieto Murillo
26
San Miguel (Poblacion)
1,678
1,484
Alneil Hernan Hernandez
27
San Nicolas (Poblacion)
746
697
Lydia Brina Docot
28
San Roque (Madawon)
594
684
Atanacio Balindan
29
San Roque (Poblacion)
854
930
Ruel Miguel Sarmiento
30
San Roque (Sagumay)
1,002
1,019
Jesus Abonita
31
San Vicente (Gorong-Gorong)
San Esteban
1,085
1,173
Diosdado Docot
32
San Vicente (Ogbon)
2,609
2,450
Orlando Paranal
33
Santa Barbara (Maliban)
1,077
1,299
Hermelina Sapinoso
34
Santa Cruz
1,594
1,770
Mariano Nierva
35
Santa Elena (Baras)
1,981
1,966
Aproniano Abala Jr
36
Santa Lucia (Baras)
1,750
1,811
Adelaida N. Bacsain
37
Santiago Old
2,120
2,053
Zaldy Palenzuela
38
Santiago Young
2,190
2,272
Renair Ravalo
39
Santo Domingo
4,981
5,234
Nestor Soreta
40
Tandaay
1,473
1,711
Edgar Sabas
41
Topas Proper
1,836
2,274
Mario Reginales Sr
42
Topas Sogod
1,073
1,287
Jose Hosana
HISTORY
The Municipality of Nabua traces the historical origin of its name way back during the Spanish Colonization. It was said that in 1571, an Augustinian Friar named Fray Alonzo Gimenez reached one of the rancherias called Lupa which was then under Datu Panga from Borneo. The good friar found persons inside the said rancheria cutting coconuts. He was offered to partake the inside shoot of coconut which the natives called “BOA”. Immediately, the good friar tagged the place as “NABUA” pronounced with his Spanish Accent. From that time onwards this place become popularly known as NABUA.
In another version, a historian named Fray Felix Huerta claimed that the name came from the story that the original sitio of the town is in the shape of the “BOA”, young embryo of the coconut which was surrounded by five rancherias named Lupa, Antacodos, Sabang, Caobnan and Binoyoan. Other believe otherwise and said it was centrally located in the middle of said rancherias thus closely resembling a delicious “BOA” which children loved to eat. For a time, the town was called “NABOBOWA” but years of long usage shortened and corrupted it to the present name of NABUA.
In 1578, a group of Franciscan missionaries headed by Fray Pablo de Jesus and Fray Bartolome Ruiz put up a church in a place known as Antacodos and there they placed a big cross. These missionaries soon merged the villages of Lupa, Antacodos, Sabang and Binoyoan into one place, which at present is known as the town of Nabua. The name Nabua was originally a longer one, Naboboa, from boa, the word for a young coconut embryo.n
In a research mission to Spain funded by the municipality, it was learned that Nabua was officially established as a municipality on July 25, 1569.
anguage[edit]
The Nabua dialect can be considered having its base from the Bikol languages. However, there are other smaller social groups within the Bicol region where Nabua derives the foundation of its dialect. The Rinconada area composed of Baao, Buhi, Bula, Balatan, Bato and Nabua shares the same “Rinconada” dialect that the local folks are still enriching up to this day. The local folks coming from the Rinconada “B” towns and Nabua can be easily recognized by the way they enunciate words or phrases when they talk or use the dialect.
Additionally, Spanish influences are frequently encountered in the languages of Nabuenos. Some examples of Spanish words embedded in the local dialect are: “Abreya raw iton puertan.” This is a command statement, meaning “Open the door” in English or “Buksan ang pintuan” in the Filipino language. “Abreya” is an inflection of the Spanish verb “abrir” (to open) and “puertan” is from the Spanish word “puerta”.
Other variations of Spanish words being used in the Nabua local dialect can be found, but many of these words or terms due to usage over time do not follow proper Spanish language conjugations and grammar.
Customs and Practices[edit]
Nabua has a rich array of customs and colorful practices that are found up to the present day.
Pangarana
This is the Nabua version of “serenading”. When a man wants to show his intent to court a woman, the man (sometimes accompanied by his friends) armed with a guitar or possibly a karaoke machine shows up on the woman’s doorsteps unannounced late at night. The woman or her family have either the option to turn on the lights and acknowledge the serenaders or just ignore them. In some cases, the event turns into an unforgettable event as the woman’s family may come up with some unique ways to get the serenaders out of their property, such as throwing a bucketful of hot water or unleashing “bantay”, the household watch dog.
Pa-aurora
The local folks are religious in nature so it is common for them to make a religious promise or ‘panata’ expressing their exultation to God because of a bountiful harvest or they have a petition that they wish would be granted. This is manifested through the local practice of “Aurora”. On nine consecutive nights, they would decorate an improvised "carroza" for their local patron saint and then visit the households in the neighborhood with singing and prayers.
Pista sa mga Kalag
On November 1, nearly all citizens take a trip down to the cemetery. This is their practice of honoring and remembering departed loved ones. They would offer flowers and light candles in their tombstones, sarcophagus, or decorate the family mausoleum with flowers and food. The local cemetery comes alive the night of November 1 to commemorate All Saints Dayuntil the early morning of November 2 for All Souls Day. Masses at the cemetery are often offered on both days.
Tang-gal kin Cuaresma
During the season of Lent, some of the prominent families in Nabua will sponsor a “Tang-gal”. Tang-gal is the re-enactment of Jesus Christ’s Passion and Death on the cross. After the passion of Christ is re-enacted, the “tang-gal” is concluded with “Ire-Helena”, the story of Helene and Constantine in search of the True Cross.
Pag-li-li
When a family member or loved one passes away, the family, friends and relatives of the dead offer nine days of prayers. This is the nine days of mourning where they go to the local church to attend Mass and then continue their novena prayers at the house of the deceased. Prayers are offered to help the soul of the deceased rest in peace and at the same time to console the grieving family.
Katapusan
After forty days of mourning, the family, friends and relatives of the dead celebrate the passage by hosting a feast and invite all those who consoled them in their time of grief. Once everyone invited are gathered, they say the litanies and pray theRosary of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary. Local folks believes that the soul of their dearly departed have now passed the stage of “roaming” and ready to rest in eternal peace. This is the time to let go and as a symbolism, they can now wear other colors of clothing instead of the traditional all black or all white.
Dotoc
Before the baranggay fiesta, "DOTOC" is a custom of nabueƱans in honoring their patron saint through nine nights of thanksgiving.
Economy[edit]
Primary Products
Agriculture contributes a major role to the economy of the municipality of Nabua given its vast alluvial plains. Its agricultural contribution consists of crop production, livestock, and fishery. Crop production is more intense rather than livestock and fishery.
Rice production, both irrigated and non-irrigated occupies about 87.26% of the total agricultural land devoted to crop production while corn and other types of crops occupies merely 7.96% and 4.78% respectively. However, crop production in the entire municipality represents only about 36.94% of the total municipal land area. Livestock production can be described as one merely that of backyard raising style despite the presence of at least two farms located at Inapatan with aggregate of only 1.00 hectare and only 22,000 animal heads. Likewise, inland fishing can hardly produce much-needed agricultural revenues both for the inland fishermen as well as for the benefit of the local government.
Trade
The Poblacion of the municipality of Nabua is strategic area for commercial development. Presently, its commercial area can be classified as a minor central business district which is reflective of being a tertiary urban growth corridor along the Legazpi-Iriga-Naga-Daet growth corridor. It services the commercial needs of the neighboring municipalities of Bato and Balatan secondary only to Iriga City. Among the commercial establishments to be found within the Poblacion are wholesale trade, general merchandise, auto and motor supplies, school supplies, funeral parlor, groceries, insurance companies, banks, lending investors, pawnshops, drugstores, restaurant and sari-sari stores.
Several barangays outside of the Poblacion functions as neighborhood centers. Those rural barangays include Sto. Domingo, Malawag, La Purisima, La Opinion, Dolorosa and San Jose. Most common in about 30 rural barangays are the mushrooming of sari-sari stores.
Industry
The municipality of Nabua remains predominantly agriculturally-related in terms of industrial activities at present. The existing industrial establishment within Nabua consists mainly of rice mills with total industrial of about 3,000 square meters. Cottage industries generating household employment and incoe proliferate in rural barangays. Nabua has a potential for agro-industrial development. This is manifested by its: (1) proximity to both Balatan Port and Pantao Port (2) Inherent vast agricultural lands (3) As an urban growth center and, (4) suitable agro-industrial site.
Infrastructure and Utilities[edit]
Maharlika Highway
Road Network
For the municipality of Nabua, transportation is very much important because of (1) its strategic location and membership in the Legazpi-Iriga-Naga-Daet growth corridor; and (2) preferred development strategy of agro-industrial commerce and tourism. Thus, enhancement of the municipal transport system would play crucial role in the attainment of the desired development.
Land transportation available are the various road systems and the Philippine National Railways (PNR) track facilities traversing the municipalities. Generally, the municipality has adequate road lengths based on the standards of 1.5 km. per 100 hectares of arable land.
Power and Electricity
The strategic location of Nabua along the Luzon grid makes it an ample recipient of power supply from NAPOCOR. Within the municipality itself, the Camarines Sur Electric Cooperative (CASURECO) 3 as the exclusive provider retails supply of electricity. All barangays within the municipality are already energized both in urban and rural barangays.
Water Resources
There are three existing Level 3 water supply systems that provide potable water, namely: Nabua Water District, Duran Water System and Sagumay Water System.
Communication Facilities
Existing communication services and facilities includes cable television, telephone services, telegraph services and telegraphic transfer, cellphones, and postal services.
Economy[edit]
Primary Products
Agriculture contributes a major role to the economy of the municipality of Nabua given its vast alluvial plains. Its agricultural contribution consists of crop production, livestock, and fishery. Crop production is more intense rather than livestock and fishery.
Rice production, both irrigated and non-irrigated occupies about 87.26% of the total agricultural land devoted to crop production while corn and other types of crops occupies merely 7.96% and 4.78% respectively. However, crop production in the entire municipality represents only about 36.94% of the total municipal land area. Livestock production can be described as one merely that of backyard raising style despite the presence of at least two farms located at Inapatan with aggregate of only 1.00 hectare and only 22,000 animal heads. Likewise, inland fishing can hardly produce much-needed agricultural revenues both for the inland fishermen as well as for the benefit of the local government.
Trade
The Poblacion of the municipality of Nabua is strategic area for commercial development. Presently, its commercial area can be classified as a minor central business district which is reflective of being a tertiary urban growth corridor along the Legazpi-Iriga-Naga-Daet growth corridor. It services the commercial needs of the neighboring municipalities of Bato and Balatan secondary only to Iriga City. Among the commercial establishments to be found within the Poblacion are wholesale trade, general merchandise, auto and motor supplies, school supplies, funeral parlor, groceries, insurance companies, banks, lending investors, pawnshops, drugstores, restaurant and sari-sari stores.
Several barangays outside of the Poblacion functions as neighborhood centers. Those rural barangays include Sto. Domingo, Malawag, La Purisima, La Opinion, Dolorosa and San Jose. Most common in about 30 rural barangays are the mushrooming of sari-sari stores.
Industry
The municipality of Nabua remains predominantly agriculturally-related in terms of industrial activities at present. The existing industrial establishment within Nabua consists mainly of rice mills with total industrial of about 3,000 square meters. Cottage industries generating household employment and incoe proliferate in rural barangays. Nabua has a potential for agro-industrial development. This is manifested by its: (1) proximity to both Balatan Port and Pantao Port (2) Inherent vast agricultural lands (3) As an urban growth center and, (4) suitable agro-industrial site.
Infrastructure and Utilities[edit]
Road Network
For the municipality of Nabua, transportation is very much important because of (1) its strategic location and membership in the Legazpi-Iriga-Naga-Daet growth corridor; and (2) preferred development strategy of agro-industrial commerce and tourism. Thus, enhancement of the municipal transport system would play crucial role in the attainment of the desired development.
Land transportation available are the various road systems and the Philippine National Railways (PNR) track facilities traversing the municipalities. Generally, the municipality has adequate road lengths based on the standards of 1.5 km. per 100 hectares of arable land.
Power and Electricity
The strategic location of Nabua along the Luzon grid makes it an ample recipient of power supply from NAPOCOR. Within the municipality itself, the Camarines Sur Electric Cooperative (CASURECO) 3 as the exclusive provider retails supply of electricity. All barangays within the municipality are already energized both in urban and rural barangays.
Water Resources
There are three existing Level 3 water supply systems that provide potable water, namely: Nabua Water District, Duran Water System and Sagumay Water System.
Communication Facilities
Existing communication services and facilities includes cable television, telephone services, telegraph services and telegraphic transfer, cellphones, and postal services.
Walang komento:
Mag-post ng isang Komento